The Star Formation Rate and Dense Molecular Gas in Galaxies

HCN luminosity is a tracer of dense molecular gas, n(H2) > ∼3 × 10 cm, associated with star-forming giant molecular cloud (GMC) cores. We present the results and analysis of our survey of HCN emission from 65 infrared galaxies including 9 ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIGs, LIR > ∼10 L⊙), 22 luminous infrared galaxies (LIGs, 10 L⊙ < LIR < ∼10 L⊙) and 34 normal spiral galaxies with lower IR luminosity (most are large spiral galaxies). We have measured the global HCN line luminosity and the observations are reported in Gao & Solomon (2003, Paper I). This paper analyzes the relationships between the total far-IR luminosity a tracer of the star formation rate, the global HCN line luminosity a measure of the total dense molecular gas content, and the CO luminosity a measure of the total molecular content. We find a tight linear correlation between the IR and HCN luminosities LIR and LHCN (in the log-log plot) with a correlation coefficient R = 0.94, and an almost constant average ratio LIR/LHCN = 900L⊙/Kkms pc. The IR–HCN linear correlation is valid over 3 orders of magnitude including ULIGs, the most luminous objects in the local universe. The direct consequence of the linear IR–HCN correlation is that the star formation law in terms of dense molecular gas content has a power law index of 1.0. The global star formation rate is linearly proportional to the mass of dense molecular gas in normal spiral galaxies, LIGs, and ULIGs. This is strong evidence in favor of star formation as the power source in ultraluminous galaxies since the star formation in these galaxies appears to be normal and expected given their high mass of dense star-forming molecular gas. The HCN–CO correlation is also much tighter than the IR–CO correlation. We suggest that the non-linear correlation between LIR and LCO may be a consequence of the stronger and perhaps more physical correlations between LIR and LHCN and between LHCN and LCO. Thus, the star formation rate indicated by LIR depends on the amount of dense molecular gas traced by HCN emission, not the total molecular gas traced by CO emission. One of the main arguments in favor of an AGN as the power source in ULIGs is the anomalously high ratio LIR/LCO or LIR/M(H2) or high star formation rate per M⊙ of gas, compared with that from normal spiral galaxies. This has been interpreted as indicating that a dust enshrouded AGN is required to produce the very high luminosity. Viewed in terms of the dense gas mass the situation is completely different. The ratio LIR/LHCN or LIR/Mdense a measure of the star formation rate per solar mass of dense gas is essentially the same in all galaxies including ULIGs. LIR/Mdense is virtually independent of galaxy luminosity and on average LIR/Mdense ≈ 90L⊙/M⊙, about the same as in GMC cores but much higher than in GMCs. We find that ULIGs simply have a large quantity of dense molecular gas and thus produce a prodigious starburst which heats the dust, produces the IR, and blocks all or most optical radiation. The HCN global luminosity may be used as an indicator of the star formation rate in high redshift objects including hyperluminous galaxies.